SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    278, 280, 282, 247, 248, 241, 244, 245, 
    246, 240, 6, 66, 166, 214, 219, 221, 223, 
    192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 
    201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 
    209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 
    220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 
    230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 
    238, 239, 242, 243, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 
    83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 
    93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 
    104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 
    112, 113, 114
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00147

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "25.88"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "ref",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "lower_limit",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "lower_limit"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "ref": [
          "const"
        ],
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 235,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 25,
        "filtered": "10.79",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "2.38",
          "eval_cost": "2.54",
          "prefix_cost": "25.88",
          "data_read_per_join": "608"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`mobikul_delivery_boy_livedemo`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (278,280,282,247,248,241,244,245,246,240,6,66,166,214,219,221,223,192,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,215,217,218,220,222,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,242,243,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114)) and (`mobikul_delivery_boy_livedemo`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}